Οδηγός Τυποποίησης Ονομάτων

ΤΟ ΔΙΕΘΝΕΣ ΦΩΝΗΤΙΚΟ ΑΛΦΑΒΗΤΟ THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993, updated 1996) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) Where sy.nbols appear in pairs, (he one lo (lie right represents n voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSON.' NTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS C lic k s V o ic e d im p lo siv e .* E jc c liv e s 0 R iljb iil 6 B ilabial > E xam ples: 1 D ciqiJ c f D cntal/alveolar P ’ B ilabial ! (PosO alveniar J Palatal t ’ D eattil/alvcohu Φ Pulatoalveolar V elar k ’ V elar I A lveolar lateral C l U vular s ’ A lveolar fricative OTHER SYMBOLS M Voiceless labial-velar fricative (p Alvecki-palatul fricatives W Voiced lnbi.nl ·velar opproximunt J Alveolar lateral flap q Voiced labial-palatal npproximant fj Simultaneous J* and X Front Central Back Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. SUPRASEGMENTAUS f \ Voiceless epiploon) fricative C Affricates and double articulations ίφ .is. ■» Voiced cpiglotral fricative can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. * F.pigJottut plosive DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above u symbol with a descender, c.g. I j Γl o Voiceless n d Breathy voiced b a Dental L i Voiced s t V V Creaky voiced b a Apical t d h Aspirated t h d h 1 jnguolubial t d Latnir.-.l t d } Mere ruunded w Labialized t w d w Nasalized e . .U_ Less rounded 2 _ j Palatalized V d J Nasal release d 11 1—1_ Advanced u V Vclarizcd t Y d Y Lateml release d 1 Retracted e T Pharyngcalizcd f d T No audible release c f Centrali?/-.d e - Velarized or pliaryngealized 1------ x MiJ-central·red 0 Raised ? ( J = voiced alveolar fricative) Syllabic n Lowered 0 ( = voiced bilabial approximatti) Nun-syllabic e Advanced Tottguc Root G Rhoticity ^ a ' ·- Retracted Tongue Root € Primary stress , Secondary stress .founolifon I Long C l T Half-long 0 * Extra-short 0 | Minor (foot) group || Major (intonation) group . Syllable break J1.36kt ^ Linking (absence of a break) TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR e -t Extra of 1 high C ©t A Rising e “1 High e N Falling e —( Mitl e Λ High rising s e _4 Low e λ Low rising e t Extra -1 low e 1 Rising- falling l Downstep / Global rise r Upstep \ Global fall 32